So, after interpolation, your string expressions looks like:

g.addV("place").property("location", Geoshape.geoshape(Geoshape.getShapeFactory().polygon().pointXY(42.5636137, 1.4294247).pointXY(...).pointXY(42.5636137, 1.4294247).build())).iterate()

Indeed, python client.submit should pass this string to the server and there it should run similarly as in the Gremlin Console.
Does it work with a much smaller of polygon pointXY values?